Cortisol is a glucocorticoid (GC) hormone commonly referred to as the body’s stress hormone, though it performs various roles throughout the body. It has a broad range of physiological effects, including involvement in glucose and lipid metabolism, body composition regulation, and immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory actions. Cortisol levels are consistently monitored to maintain homeostasis, as unregulated levels can be harmful.

There are various reasons why the adrenal gland may release excessive cortisol. Issues with the pituitary gland can lead to the production of hormones that trigger the adrenal glands to release more cortisol. Additionally, adrenal gland tumours, whether benign or malignant, can secrete high levels of hormones, including cortisol. Certain medications can also cause an increase in cortisol levels. Stress can be a factor too. In response to stress, the endocrine system releases cortisol, leading to a sudden increase in cortisol levels as an adaptive function. High cortisol levels can result in a condition called Cushing’s syndrome.